A recommended framework for coastal environmental impact assessments  <B>A recommended framework for coastal environmental impact assessments</B><P>J. Galloway and T. Fordham</B><I><P> ACER Environmental, Beacon House, William Brown Close, Llantarnam Park, Cwmbran, Gwent, UK</I><P> Abstract<P> Infrastructure development, tourism, recreational and amenity use, aquaculture, industry, agriculture and fisheries are among the key sectoral interests competing for land and water use in the coastal zone. Conflicts arise among the various sectoral development strategies and in the areas of protection and conservation. Strong planning and control is essential to ensure that use of the coastal zone is environmentally sensitive. Fortunately, there is generally a high level of awareness of the need for environmentally sensitive use of, and strategic management planning for, the coastal zones of Europe. The timely introduction of European Union Directives relating to waste, waste water, water and air quality, habitats and EIA have already had a positive effect in protecting both the on and off shore environments, and on evolving management practice in the coastal zone.<P> Whilst the Commission of the European Union encourages coastal zone management and crossborder and community cooperation, responsibilities are often dispersed through a variety of Central Government, Local Government and State Departments. Also, in addition to the wide range of user organizations, NGO's and local community pressure groups have vested interests and watching briefs relating to developments in the coastal zone, and their management.<P> This paper presents a framework for undertaking EIA's in the coastal zone. The framework is not intended to be exhaustive, but to provide a useful guide for the development of a methodological approach. Recognition is given to the potentially limiting effects of certain weaknesses in EIA implementation. The framework draws on the lessons learned in undertaking international studies over the last 5 years, with the commentary also discussing how the framework might usefully contribute to the evolution and development of coastal zone management philosophy and practice.<P> In an attempt to stimulate discussion on coastal EIA integrated coastal zone management synergy, some of the typical challenges associated with implementing an EIA are discussed, with recommendations presented to minimize potential inhibition of the process.<P> The conclusions of the paper suggest that weaknesses in current coastal EIA implementation can be addressed by taking on many of the recommendations currently associated with integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). Notably, the following points are made: the need for improved awareness of social and cultural issues; integration of EIAs within current or evolving local, regional and national strategic management planning; regulatory and institutional strengthening; application of appropriate, not overly complex technical procedures; and the early recognition of the need to move away from development specific studies towards broader based assessments that positively incorporate public opinion.<P>